Documentary Film Analysis Worksheet Essay

Instructions: You will find the list of films you can choose from in the Assignment tab. Go to the list and pick your film. You must view the entire film. If you can’t access films because of deployment, geographic location, or other reasons, please let your instructor know so they can give you an alternate assignment. Please type you answers into this sheet. You must submit the worksheet by uploading the worksheet as a Word document You must answer in complete sentences, using a short answer/paragraph format. Please do not answer in one or two sentences be specific. 2 paragraph minimum (except for #1) 1. What is the title of the film you picked? I chose the film, â€Å"Slavery and the Making of America.† 2. Why did you pick this film over the others offered? I chose this film documentary over the others because I have always wanted to learn more about slavery and how it shaped and effected America. Often we are just told what we read in books or stories that have been passed down about what really went on in this country. Slavery is a big subject and one of if not the biggest tragedies in the history of this country. I wanted to watch this documentary to uncover more truth and facts about the shape of this country during that time. I also liked the descriptions that are specified about the video and what it talks about and will cover. It states that the four part documentary will cover the beginning of slavery from the British colonies which then migrates down south to the north and how it ends. I have always been intrigued by the history of slavery and how it came about and how it was for Africans and African Americans during that time. 3. What is/are the central message(s) of this documentary/fictional film? Be specific. Use examples from the film to support your choice. There are many central messages regarding this documentary. The main messages conveyed in this documentary were resistance amongst the slaves, struggle to maintain dignity, their life styles and culture, their status as workers, knowing their value as a slave, the change of racism, slaves were underestimated about their knowledge and understanding, family was essential and helped them survive and powerful political figures along with American beliefs were major hypocrites. In 1624 the first eleven Africans known as the Atlantic Creole’s were brought via ships by the Dutch West India Company to New Amsterdam (New York today), at this time there were two kinds of workers; slaves and indentured workers(white and black laborers who served for a servant amount of years to get money and become free). Their statuses were confusing and complex however, they were both treated equal and would often retreat to taverns to bond and talk about their masters. The Atlantic Creole’s made the system work for them. They knew how to bargain with their masters to get what they needed and still maintain a fair working lifestyle. The turn of fair treatment towards both races changed in 1640 when three men (two white and one black) decided to flee from their master. They were caught two days later. In court the two whites were to serve a few more years as indentured workers while the black man was sentenced to life as an indentured worker. Slaves maintained their dignity by using the bible, their culture as Africans and family value to get them through. When times got hard they prayed and came together as a community. The treatment of slaves was inhumane, they were beaten, and tortured (branded, men castrated, ears cut off or severed, women raped and exploited) if they were misbehaving. Eventually slaves were beginning to be resistant. They would harm cattle, run away, commit suicide and sometimes revolt towards their masters to receive better treatment. President Thomas Jefferson was considered to be a huge hypocrite along with political powers in America. They wrote documents and petitions stating that all men were created equal. Jefferson claimed he was not big about slavery yet, he owned over 250 slaves and did not free a single one even as President. Slaves were treated like animals and property rather than human beings (3/5th constitution stated that slaves were only 3/5th human and therefore were to be treated as such.) 4. Consider the effectiveness of the film for this history class. What are its strengths and weaknesses of this film in documenting history? This film is strong and very effective with many strengths. It gives a detailed account of slavery and the lives of significant people who helped to abolish slavery. It talks about David Walker and his appeal and what the Appeal did for all blacks and whites fighting for the cause. Later it talks about Maria Stewart (Walker’s prodigy) and how she was the first black women to speak to a mixed audience those of men and women and how the lawsuit she won later would bring about the Emancipation. Other significant role players were Harriet Jacobs who was the first women to write a slave narrative. Her life consisted in the attempts to be free of her master who wanted her for sexual purposes. She fell in love with another white man and produced two children for him. In order for her children to be free she fled to her grandmother’s home who was free and she lived in an enclosed space for the next seven years. Although, her children were free it would be a few more years before she would ever see them again. The only weakness to this documentary I found was that it skipped times periods and went back and forth. It said very little about the Declaration of Independence and what it meant to African Americans. During this time it also does not mention the impact that the Quakers had on blacks. It just mentions that they were there and what they fought for.2 5. How do you think the filmmakers want the audience to respond? Is there a social justice message? If so, what is it? I would say filmmakers would want the audience to have a better appreciation for blacks and what they went through and those that helped fight for racism and anti-slavery movements. I think initially anyone who watches this film would first be ashamed to call the U.S their country but, then after a while realizing that was the country’s way of living and way of life at the time. To think that people were treated like animals and had no rights is an injustice and definitely a contradiction to the American beliefs. The audience may want to re-read the Declaration of Independence and see if its principals are practiced to this day. There is definitely a social justice  message. In the documentary it talks about the first eleven slaves from Africa known as the Atlantic Creole. As time passes they negotiate with their masters to get land, get paid for their labor and even have their children become free after a certain amount of time. The slaves knew their worth and at the time they were able to negotiate because there were no harsh laws at this time. A couple of the men even sued their masters and won for loss of wages. Other examples include resistance and revolts. A big indicator was the Walker Appeal. In the Appeal Walker motivates black slaves to stand up for themselves and roles out argument over the history of slavery. He criticizes Thomas Jefferson and America’s political party for being a contradiction stating they want all men to be treated equally and free except many of them stilled owned slaves and were not freeing them. 6. Did the documentary leave you with any unanswered questions? If so, what were they? The documentary was very informative and very detailed oriented. I would have like to know more about Thomas Jefferson and President Washington. The documentary does not cover President Washington’s role in slavery or how he felt about it and what actions he took. Of course he owned slaves but, did he feel the same as Jefferson? What was he doing at this time for the country in regards to slavery? I also wanted to know what Thomas Jefferson’s role was after the Declaration of Independence took effect. He owned over 250 slaves. I wonder what he was like toward his slaves and how he treated them. If he was against slavery then why did he not free his slaves or why did he wait so long? Why did he not play a bigger role in helping the slaves? 7. How did this film change any misconceptions or stereotypes you had about the subject matter? If so, what were they? Since, I already knew basic facts about slavery I did not have any stereotypes. I will say that I had lack of knowledge with the real life situations that many individuals experienced. For example, the film states the punishments for any slave that runs away. The first punishment they were  whipped. The second punishment they were branded with an R on their right cheek. The third punishment their ear was severed and another R on the left cheek for runaway, and the fourth punishment males were castrated. I had misconceptions about the Presidents. I used to respect the Presidents Jefferson and Lincoln. History says they are some of our founding fathers. To me they were prejudice cowards who had no intention of freeing slaves although, they say they did not believe in slavery. America builds these prominent figures up as if they are heroes. Sure, they developed great causes and did great things (Jefferson with the Declaration of Independence, and Lincoln with the Emancipation Proclama tion) but again this did nothing for slaves. 8. What did you enjoy most about the film? Dislike the most? Be specific. I like that the film was very detailed in the lives of those people who made a difference. The film also stresses how important slavery was and how blacks were portrayed and treated. I was constantly being fed about facts that I definitely did not learn in school history books. Significant unknown people such as a slave called Titus who was very skilled and a smart slave and owned by a short tempered Quaker who would not release him although, a lot of Quakers were freeing their slaves. Titus eventually runs away and comes back years later as a sophisticated colonel of a small army of whites and blacks to fight in various wars and help free his people. Another unknown significant slave was Emanuel Dregas. He was owned by Captain Pot and later Pot owned his family. Once Pot became stricken by poverty he sold Dregas’ family. After Captain Pot died, Dregas later became free but, his family remained enslaved and for the rest of his life he fought to get them freedom. I can honestly there was nothing that I did not like about the film. 9. What is the most important thing you learned from watching the film? The most important thing I learned about this film was the value of African Americans verses slavery and how the first Africans were able to be more free with their decisions and able to negotiate their wages. Again the first  eleven Africans known as the Atlantic Creole in 1624 came by way of ship purchased by the Dutch West Indian Company. As they built the Dutch Colony in New Amsterdam (New York today) there were no laws about slavery and they had no structure. They were just required to work hard for their masters. These slaves began to recognize their worth and realized they were not being paid their value. A few of them sued their slave owners for higher wages. They also began to negotiate with their masters. They made the system work for them. The masters wanted to appease them so that they would continue to work. In turn masters gave their slaves half freedom. This meant men who married could live with their wives on the free Negro land. They could grow their own crops, cattle and they could farm there. Slaves were very valuable. The more slaves that were owned the more land the slave owner received. For example, one slave equaled five acres of land. Cotton was the biggest product since tobacco and was in high demand throughout the world specifically Europe. Thousands of slaves were requested and then shipped from West Africa to complete these slave picking tasks. It was a nonstop twenty-four seven job. Slaves worked from sunrise till sundown. If it was a full moon they worked through the night as well. 10. Why is this film important to understanding contemporary African American History? This film is important to understanding contemporary African American History, because of the details it covers of slavery, the people and a nation it effected and how these people survived such a harsh, cruel and demanding life style. Africans and African Americans struggled yet their religious beliefs, love for family and will to live and eventually fighting back got them through. This is seen in the attempted Nat Turner revolt, Walker Appeal pamphlet, the slave narrative by Harriet Jacobs and Maria Stewart. Each of these individuals fought for a cause that they did not see or experience in their lifetime but, knew that it would come in the following generations. These individuals had guts and wanted to tell the truth. David Walker exploits American beliefs in his Appeal when he talks President Thomas Jefferson being a hypocrite and how he wants all men to be created equally yet he owns slaves and would not free them. America was turned upside down due to the attitude of slavery. The nation was becoming a separate society. It was the North and West vs the South. While the North and West had abolished slavery the South was nowhere near that or wanted anything to do with it. Economic power became political power. Those that had prospered or came from money were running for the senate, government and even for presidency. Based upon this alone Africans, African Americans and various indentured workers built this country and assisted the country in making it an economic powerhouse.

Quote: Virtue and William Shakespeare Essay

â€Å"Virtue is choked with foul ambition†¦ † What does it mean? What was the famous William Shakespeare trying to accomplish with this quote? What was in his mind at this time? How can this quote help us? Who was this quote addressed to? Who can explain more about this quote? During this essay I will try to answer these questions, I want to know more about this. â€Å"Virtue is choked with foul ambition†¦ † But what is a virtue? A virtue is moral excellence, goodness, and righteousness. Another meaning for virtue is a particular moral excellence, example natural virtue, theological virtue, and cardinal virtues. How can we tell if people have good virtues? The person will be honest, respectful, courageous, forgiving, and kind to others. Choked. What does Shakespeare mean when he says â€Å"choked† in his quote? Choked, regarding a person or animal is effecting or completely stopping air from entering the body. But I don’t think that is what he meant when he used the word choke in this quote. I believe he was using this word â€Å"choked† as an expression meaning forbidding, not allowing, or stopping from. Now what is an ambition? Taken straight from an online dictionary, an ambition is a strong desire for success, achievement, or distinction; something so desired; goal; aim. Now that we know what a virtue and what ambition means we can sort of see what William Shakespeare is trying to say, it makes a little more sense to me now. â€Å"Virtue is choked with foul ambition† basically says we are our goals are foul, not correct. We all want to be good, but things go bad. It is easier to do bad thing instead of good things, so that effects good virtues. It is harder to become good, especially if you sin. When we sin our love with God hurts and it effects our good virtues. On top of that, it makes us come bad people, not children of Christ.

An Educational Article for the 21st century Essay Example for Free (#21)

An Educational Article for the 21st century Essay Curriculum (102) , 21st Century (10) , Corazon Aquino (9) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Australian Ambassador to the Philippines Bill Tweddell and Philippine education officials opened recently the Assessment, Curriculum and Technology Research Centre (ACTRC). Located at the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Education building in Diliman, Quezon City, the facility will focus on research in support of the Philippines’ implementation of the K to 12 program, which is covered by a law recently signed by President Aquino. Tweddell, Education Secretary Armin Luistro, Commission on Higher Education Commissioner Cynthia Bautista, UP president Alfredo Pascual, other education officials and members of the academe attended ACTRC’s opening. The Australian government gave the P150-million grant for the establishment of the center in support of the country’s basic education reform program. ACTRC will focus on curriculum development, school assessment and the application of technology in upgrading the education system. â€Å"Australia strongly supports the Philippine government’s efforts in implementing the K to 12 program. Investing in a quality education system will provide better opportunities for all and a pathway out of poverty for the most disadvantaged,† Tweddell said in a statement. ACTRC will bring together the Philippines’ and Australia’s top research institutions—the UP College of Education and the University of Melbourne’s Assessment Research Centre— in â€Å"grounded research and evaluation activities in the areas of assessment, curriculum and technology as they relate to the implementation of the Philippine government’s K to 12 program.† Through grant-funding, the Australian Agency for International Development would support the center’s first three years of operation, the Australian embassy said. â€Å"Australia shares the Philippine government’s vision that K to 12, if implemented well, will bring the Philippines’ school system closer to international standards. The interaction of curriculum, assessment and the use of technology are important facets of a successful education program,† Tweddell said. â€Å"The curriculum is the blueprint of an education system. Assessment provides a picture of where we are in that blueprint today. Technology enables the curriculum to respond to the needs of the 21st century,† he added. K to 12 is the Aquino administration’s flagship education reform program that aims to improve the quality of Philippine high school graduates by spreading the clogged 10-year curriculum over 12 years. In essence, the program hopes to give Filipino youth longer time to learn and prepare for life after basic education, whether they hope to go on to college or find employment after graduating from high school. â€Å"The University of Melbourne and its Graduate School of Education is proud to be associated with this major initiative to inform the Philippines’ education and research communities. The center will provide an opportunity to put into practice evidence-based research outcomes through its collaborative activities with the Philippines’ Department of Education,† said Professor Field Rickards, dean of the Graduate School of Education of the University of Melbourne. UP College of Education dean Rosario Alonzo said the facility and the collaboration it allowed would help promote the professional development of the UP faculty. â€Å"This is crucial to the university’s (UP) fulfillment of its mandate as a research university,† she said. The article discussed how the Australian Government supports the implementation of the K to 12 Program here in the Philippines. It is also written how they believe that the new curriculon that was founded by the current administration will make the Philippines educational system closer to the international standards. B. Words that I have learned from the article Academe – The academic environment or community; academia. Assessment – The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something: â€Å"the assessment of educational needs†. Collaboration – The action of working with someone to produce or create something. Crucial – Decisive or critical, esp. in the success or failure of something. Curriculum – The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college. Facets – A particular aspect or feature of something. Implementation – the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order C. Ideas I have learned about the article At first i thought that K to 12 program was a bad idea, because it prolongs the years of study of students like me and making it a little much of a burden to my parents because of the added budget for the tuition but when i read articles pertaining to K to 12 implementation such as the likes of this one I simply realize that it isnt such a bad thing after all. I mean 2 years of added time is just a little sacrifice of what can be a result of a better future plus when you know that there are countries, like Australia, that are willing to support us on this kinds of program makes us a little more confident with ourselves that we can be more of a competative player in the international playfield when it comes to education. The article was really informative. For me, reading this article changed my point of view on K to 12 program and it also boosted my morale when i read the line â€Å"Australia shares the Philippine government’s vision that K to 12, if implemented well, will bring the Philippines’ school system closer to international standards.† because it gave me a heads up of what can be my potential in the future. Site link: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/412557/center-to-give-research-support-for-k-to-12#ixzz2blPK2DsX An Educational Article for the 21st century. (2016, May 07). 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Effect of interest rate and inflation rate on the islamic shares Dissertation

Effect of interest rate and inflation rate on the islamic shares listed in the united arab emirates - Dissertation Example The Shariah Principles, which dates back to almost fourteen hundred years ago, has put forward certain immaculate methodologies and customs pertaining to establishment of a financial system. These principles and ideologies can be applied even in the dynamic and robust global economic scenario of the twenty first century without any downside. The Islamic financial system strongly condemns the inclusion of interest in the transactions between the borrowers and the lenders and has labeled any such transaction as repugnant to the principles of Shariah or ‘Haram’. Following the same principles, not only such transactions are unlawful according to the principles of Islam, but investing in any of such companies and earning return form such are also unlawful. With the passage of time, the development of the Islamic financial institution started taking place at a rapid pace. The trend was not only confined to the Middle Eastern and Far East Asian countries, but the effects were f ar stretched to the European and the North American countries as well. The supporters of the conventional economic system soon realized that the rationale behind the Islamic financial structure and the concepts of an Islamic financial institution. Several major conventional banks have since launched various Islamic products and experienced impressive response from the individuals as well as from corporations. Shariah principles related to Islamic financial system not only provide guidance on the financial products pertaining to Islamic banking, but it has also issued pronouncements on how companies can regulate their operations and bring them in line in accordance with the laws of Islamic Shariah. Investing in the equity security of the Shairah compliant companies is allowed for the investors and the return earned on such investment is permissible and ‘Halal’. There are certain conditions which the company needs to implement in its operational and financial strategy in order to become Shariah compliant. The main The business of the company must not be prohibited as per the laws of Shariah If debt ratio of the company is higher than 33% of its equity capital, then buying the shares of such company is not permissible as per Shariah Islamic scholars have allowed the interest income to be less than 5% of the total income of the company for it to be permissible for investment Relationship between the interest rate and the inflation has been discussed at large in various economic literatures. Both of these variables are responsible for shaping the essential aspects of the economy such as monetary policy and regulating the supply and demand of several commodities. Various studies have been conducted in order to understand the relationship between the interest rate and the rate of inflation. It is generally considered among the economist that the nominal

Is the Fraud Act a Useful Tool in E-crime Prosecution Dissertation - 1

Is the Fraud Act a Useful Tool in E-crime Prosecution - Dissertation Example Even though in existence for more than four decades, the Thefts Acts of 1968 and 1978 were deemed archaic and hence inadequate, when dealing with crimes that were internet based, as they failed they to check the increasing number of e-crimes. It is for this reason the Fraud Act 2006 was legislated, which purportedly had a large scope for prosecuting e- crimes under the purview of general offences, and including modern e-crimes, like phishing, while also increasing imprisonment terms. In this context, the paper seeks to examine and analyse whether the Fraud Act 2006, in reality, is an effective tool in terms of prosecuting cases of e-crimes. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background study The 21st century has seen the rapid use of Internet in UK (and elsewhere), primarily owing to the easy availability of computers (especially laptops), high-speed browsers and fast connectivity through broadband. This is evident in a survey report, which showed that in 1996 around 3.4 million adults were using th e internet in UK, which by the next 10 years had expanded to a figure of 28.5 million internet users (8 times more).1 This rapid creation of an internet-based society has increased the information sphere available to users while also changing the very nature of communication between individuals within cyberspace, which started reflecting to some extent in the actual physical world. Despite many benefits, widespread use of Internet has revealed a negative side, related to crime and criminal activities. Internet being a mode of personal and financial transaction, which is highly reliant on net-based interactions that take place through computers, without the people interacting ever coming face-to-face, which increases risk during interactions, especially in cases of financial transactions. The various activities that take place within the cyberspace attracts different kinds of people, and it is relatively ease for criminals to identify similar minded people, form online communities, a nd carry on their criminal activities. One major factor, which increases instances of cyber-crimes, is the promise of large-scale financial remuneration from a virtual crime. As the Post Note survey confirms â€Å"Information security experts suggest that the motives behind computer crime have changed†¦ [and] is now increasingly financially motivated.†2 This change in motive has occurred mainly due to rise in e-commerce, where we find that with nearly 45% of internet users using some kind of a financial transaction via cyberspace, there has been increasing number of online credits/debit card frauds, attempts at extortion attempts, and phishing.3 Another major factor that has helped to aggravate the problem of cybercrime is the anonymity that Internet offers. A criminal may hide his /her own identity behind spam mails, spoofed mails addresses, or even proxy servers and commit online frauds. There are available, different encryption technologies that allow users to mask th eir actual identities, and various forms of software, easily accessible, which allow users to remove all electronic activity

Gender and Sexual Studies - Female Masculinity Research Paper

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The use of free radicals in the treatment of disease Literature review

The use of free radicals in the treatment of disease - Literature review Example For example, they can react with other molecules (M1) and steal an electron from them. The reacting radical (R1.) transforms into a ground state molecule (M2) and the formation of a new radical takes place (R2.)(Scheme 1) ( Fieser and Fieser, 1966 ). Scheme 1: Typical reaction of radicals (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). The first type of free radicals is thermodynamically unstable particles. These are the molecular fragments similar in structure to CH3. ,C2H5. and their derivatives. Next, atoms with one unpaired atom also fall under the definition of radicals. For example, H. ,Na. ,Cl. . And the last group of radicals are the thermodynamically stable radicals. As an example of this group triarylmethyl (a) and semiquinones (b) can be put forward (Scheme 2). Stabilisation of the radical in these structures are realised through delocalisation of the unpaired electron. Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) can also be classified as radicals as they possess an unpaired electron. Odd electron of th e hydrogen atom is an s electron. In case of chlorine, or any carbon based radical it is a p radical. Scheme 2: Triarylmethyl and semiquinones based radicals (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). If the radical is stable then it usually does not participate in the reactions described on scheme 1. Such radicals cannot sustain chain reactions but can stop them. They have the ability to remove free radicals from the system and consequently serve as inhibitors of chain reactions. All the described particles are paramagnetic due to their uncompensated spin, what can be detected using magnetic balance (in case of stable particles) or electron paramagnetic resonance (if the concentration of the studied compound is too small or it is unstable) (Nesmeianov and Nesmeianov, 1970). Free radicals have the ability to damage cells. Respiration and the immune system reaction to the infection are the ways which lead to generation of free radicals in the body. Environment factors, such as food, pollutan ts and drugs that are used, also contribute to the formation of radicals. Once produced, radicals damage lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other tissue macromolecules. They also have been proven to play a major role in aging and lead to a series of diseases, including cancer. The amount of free radicals in the body is regulated through the use of antioxidants which donate an electron, thereby transform a free radical into a stable molecule. A number of enzymes are able to act as antioxidants, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The list of antioxidants can be continued by mentioning selenium, beta-carotene and both vitamins C and E (Brown, 1999; Huang, 2000). Because of the mentioned destructive properties of free radicals they can be used to treat cancer. A number of methods utilises free radicals. The method that has been used for decades is radiation therapy. The first case of using radiation therapy in the USA is dated 1896 when Emil Grubbe use d X-rays to treat cancer. The discovery of radium and polonium in the end of the nineteenth century gave radiotherapy a push for further advancement. In the mid-1900s radium was substituted by radioactive caesium and cobalt. Later, with the development of various forms of tomography it became possible for physicians to selectively target tumours. This led to fewer side effects and more effective treatment. Depending on the position of the radiation source there are three types of

Foreigners Changing China, 1850-1980 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Foreigners Changing China, 1850-1980 - Essay Example This particular frame of mind can be considered as the main cause of their resistance in adopting other cultures and their values for millennia. They assumed that they are self sufficient in all forms of society and do not require foreign intrusion. But in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century China has undergone various changes in many parts of their core infrastructures that include politics, language, economics, culture and society. This is believed to be largely under the influence of the foreign countries such as USA and Britain. So what are the basic forms of modifications that have been implemented and what has caused these changes to take place that was resisted before for such a long time? Answer to this question is the main notion of this discussion. Among all the considerable changes that were brought up by the foreign influence, changes in the politics are most important and should be emphasized in detail. Ancient Chinese Society: To understand or clearly apprec iate any change we need to view the original form that was present before that modification was made. As we know from history that China was considered as a kingdom led by the emperors. These emperors and their dynasties were not chosen on their relationship to the people of China but their origin was more religious and mythical (Foster 2010). Any ruler or dynasty corrupted with the evil will be reflected upon by the nature’s anger in the form of earthquake floods or droughts indicating the change were imminent (Kornberg et al 2004). This was in contrast to the west where democracy was laying foundation of a strong government bodies. Despite China’s ruling being based on such religious foundations, it continued for a very long time. Starting from the Hans dynasty in 206 BC it remained intact until Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911 (Zinzius 2004). Arguably there needs to be a solid bond that united this nation on single platform. By looking at a bigger prospective it can b e concluded that the main reason for sustenance of such establishment can be traced back to the strong social values that hold the structure together for centuries. No other nation has ever been close to signify the theme of middle kingdom like Chinese did for centuries. They were proud of their existence in the middle while the rest of the humanity revolves around them and learn from them (Ford 2010). There is no doubt that the social system in these ancient dynasties was more localized on the families and tribe as a distinct entity rather than on a single individual. So there was a strong concept of nuclear family and relationships were given highest regards. From the economic point of view China was a self sufficient civilization. Most of the Chinese emperors were not open for trades with the western world because of the hierarchical system in China. The theme of middle kingdom were so deep rooted that they considered that no one else is worthy of given an equal status to them. A lthough in the nineteenth century there was a great demand of China’s silk, spices and other items among the western consumers. Similarly westerns also wanted to introduce some of their unique items and offered many trade agreements to the emperors during that time but all were put down. As we know that trade creates a great influence on any society but China was virtually immune to it. Therefore, no significant foreign influence was detected in the Chinese empire due to their isolation from the rest of the world. Foreign Penetration and changes in the Politics: The difference between China’

The diamonds water paradox Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The diamonds water paradox - Movie Review Example This can be viewed as the reasons behind Argyle’s successful entrance into this market. The firm’s dictatorial styles is used in marketing diamonds where customers have to take what is available or leave it is under threat from Argyle (Peng 316). Argyle diamonds may be of a lesser quality as compared to those of De Beers, but are on high demand. This is because world diamond prices have reduced in the past few years. Customer tastes have changed to an increased demand for cheap, high quality diamonds supplied by Argyle. This has led to most of these customers demanding more of Argyle diamonds than those from De Beers. Thus, De Beers faces a threat as it shifts from the diamond industry monopoly to an oligopoly market type from the competitor Argyle. In this case, both companies are providing the same product. The view from De Beers’ side is that the presence of Argyle has no effect on their monopoly. The firm is believed to be the sole producer of high quality, premium diamonds. The diamond market today is not only dominated by De Beers and Argyle. Other firms from other nations such as the Russians have today made an impact in the diamond market on a global scale, thus causing De Beers to risk losing its advantages as a monopoly. However, despite the presence of other upcoming competitors such as Argyle, De Beers can still be classified as one the most enduring monopolies in the world (Kanfer 402). When the diamond industry was an oligopoly in the 20th century, there were still other substitutes for diamonds such as emeralds and rubies. However, most still believe that there is no other gem that exhibits the same characteristic, such as the diamond. This was perhaps the belief created in the advertising campaign in the late 1990s by the only diamond seller. This supposition may still be there; therefore the diamond as a unique product has no competing

Tradition, Culture and Issues Facing India Today Essay Example for Free

Tradition, Culture and Issues Facing India Today Essay India is known for their traditions and hospitality. Indian culture is very traditional and is still surviving in the modern era. They greet outsiders and elders buy placing both palms together raised below the face. This is how they show their respect. According to Maps of India, a day in India starts with Surya Namaskar. People offer water to the sun and chant prayers. Trees and animals are worshipped. The morning’s first meal is to the cow and the last meal is to the dog. During prayers they offer flower garlands to gods and goddesses. This ritual is embedded at an early age and is an important part of the education system in India. Three of the world’s major faith, Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism originated from India. India is a secular state and the citizens have the right to choose their own religion. (India. 2009) (Cultural India. net)The culture in India is very old and unique with diverse cultures and ancient civilization. The oldest pilgrimage tradition and practice is found in India. Pilgrimage is deeply embedded in their cultural psyche and some of the pilgrimage sites are so large that the entire subcontinent may be regarded as a sacred place. The majority of Indian people do not believe in killing animals to eat so many of them are vegetarians. Cows are considered to be scared and are not to be eaten. A typical meal is flavored with many spices such as turmeric, coriander, chili, cumin and cardamom. (India. 2009)India is the world’s seventh largest country. It is also the second most populated country in the world. In India, more than 200 languages are spoken and forty percent speak Hindi. The official language is Hindi and English. Over the past 20 years, agriculture and industry have largely expanded. India is one of the world’s top industrialized nations and world’s largest democracy. In India, 600 million people are eligible to vote. The adult literacy rate is 61 percent. Even though it is a fast growing electronics and telecommunications industry, India is still very underdeveloped and many live under the poverty line. According to the Indian Mirror, there is almost an equal number about of men and women. Half of these women are not educated. Because of westernization and approval of education women are now able to start getting their education. Despite its high illiteracy rate, their educational system is one of the best in the world. Physical education is also of high importance in India. They are noted for their skills in science and math. (India. 2009)In India, most marriages are arranged by the parents. Marriage is placed among members of the same social group. The bride’s family has to pay a dowry to the groom and his family. The Hindu weddings are very elaborate and the ceremonies and feastings can last for several days. According to Cultural India. net, The wedding is strictly observed according to ancient culture. A wedding in India is the coming together of two souls and bringing two families together. One of the most sacred customs is the tying of mangalsutra. It is a black and gold beaded necklace with a gold or diamond pendant. It carries great importance in Hindu weddings and in the lives of the married women. There are seven vows known as Saptadi which is performed along Mangalpheras. Magalpheras is the walking around the sacred fire. The vows and Manglapheras must be done in order for a wedding to be complete. According to Indian Mirror, in arranged marriages, the couple will acquaint themselves physically and then discover each other’s personality. They will develop strong bonds of companionship that will last until death. The bride will live with her husband’s family. Rarely do they get a room all for themselves. The bride will sleep with the women, and the groom will sleep with the men of the house. Several generations may share the same house. According to Indian mirror, their social system is based on the Joint Family System. â€Å"The families are closely knit with Grandfathers, fathers, sons and grandsons sharing the same spirit, tradition and property. † Because of this, India has the lowest rate of divorces in the world. India. 2009)An Indian woman wears a sari. It is a bright colored silk or cotton that is very long and it is wrapped around the body and draped over the shoulder. The end of the sari is used to cover the head. The man wears a dhoti which is a cotton cloth that is wrapped around the waist and between the legs. (Azadindia. 2010) According to the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI), there are eight Indian states that have poorer people than the 26 poorest African nations combined. The MPI is an assessment that is based upon critical factors such as education, health, ad deprivations. An alarming statistic and contemporary issue is that 1/3rd of the world’s poorest is in India. Over 75 percent of the population is living on less than $2 a day. (Azadindia. 2010) Men are the bread winners and women are to take care of the house hold and bear children. In India, a woman who works has to take care of the family and household duties as well. She will have to hand over her salary to her father, husband or her in-laws. Because of limited education and with technological advancements, this has resulted in retrenchment of women employees. Most women cannot or don’t even consider upgrading their skills. It is easier to terminate a woman’s employment and rehire, so maternity leave is out of the question. The working women are subjected to sexual harassment especially in the public transport system. Men will take advantage of these circumstances to physically harass the women. It is especially difficult for the women if their boss made sexual advances towards them. If the woman refuses these advances, life can be made very difficult for her. If the woman is promoted, others will attribute it to her giving sexual favors. These psychological pressures can lead to the woman quitting her job. (Azadindia. 2010) Women do not get equal treatment from infant stage to their old age when it comes to health. Since their health is of low priority, many women do not seek for help. The women in India are discriminated when it comes to treatment. For example, a man with the same condition would get first attention and treated first. It doesn’t matter if the woman came from a rich family or not. Whether the family is poor or rich, parents are more concerned about the health of the boys than the girls. Because of this attitude, the woman of India’s health is ignored and in turn caused the women to ignore their health. (Azadindia. 2010) A very disturbing issue is the female feticide in India. According to the 2001 census of India, there has been a decline in the child sex ratio for the age group from 0-6 years from 1991 to 2001. Reasons have varied from higher female mortality at a younger age due to neglect. The dismal numbers are a telling comment on the educated society that refuses to rid itself of its regressive male bias. † Many families, rich or poor do not want a girl. They do not want to be burdened with having to pay a dowry to the groom. Although the government has stepped in to advocate a girl’s right to live, many families are still aborting if sex is found out to be a girl. This is an ongoing social and contemporary issue that exists in India. Because many Indian women have been unfairly treated, they can be categorized as a subordinate group. In the past they have belonged to a lower class and subjected to the authority of another. Today even with democracy, many Indian women are still treated this way. Even though they themselves were treated unequally, most still favor the boys over the girls. Gender inequality can be attributed to its socio-economic and religious practices that have resulted in a wide gap between the men and women in society. According to azadinida. org, the idea of how an Indian woman should behave can be traced back to rules laid down by Manu in 200 B. C. : â€Å"by a young girl, by a young woman, or even by an aged one, nothing must be done independently, even in her own house. In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. Even though India is known for their hospitality, there is a silent social issue that has been brought to the rest of the world. India is a very traditional country, but India has displayed gender inequality in education, employment, health and life itself. This blessing, â€Å"May you be the mother of a hundred sons. † during Hindu weddings speaks volumes. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has stated, Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance.

Qatar Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Qatar Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Essay Qatar is located in Arabian Peninsula in boarders with Saudi Arabia, with only 225,000 citizens in a population of 1. 7 million. Qatar follows a conservative religious ideology, Wahhabism. While some refer to Qatar as the â€Å" Second Wahhabi Emirate,† it is traditionally known as â€Å"the most boring place in the gulf† or â€Å"the country known for being unknown (Roberts, 2012). † However, Qatar emerged as a strong state actor with extended networks of alliances in the world. The mediator role that Doha plays today is crucial in the region, particularly after the Arab Spring (HRW, 2013). Indeed, Qatar supported the Arab Uprisings across the region in 2011. In addition, Qatar invested between $65 billion and $100 billion to the FIFA world cup that it will be hosting in 2022. The Emir founded a number of humanitarian projects in Sudan, South of Lebanon, Gaza and Asia. In this paper, I attempt to answer the question of what are the driving motives of Qatar’s foreign policy in the Middle East? And why, unlike its neighboring countries, Qatar’s leadership supported the Arab appraisals of 2011? Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad Al Thani, stated, â€Å"we support those who demanded justice and dignity,† when asked about his country’s role in the Arab revolutions in an interview in 60 Minutes . In response, President Barak Obama thanked the Emir for promoting democracy in the Middle East (Al Thani, 2012). Ironically, Qatar is an absolute monarchy described as an â€Å" authoritarian regime† that is ranked 138th out of the 167 countries by Democracy Index 2011. In addition, the Freedom House lists Qatar as â€Å" not free† (freedom house), (Democracy Index, 2011). Therefore, Qatar’s lack of rule of law, freedom of speech and political rights contradict â€Å"the Emir’s efforts to promote democracy† and delegitimizes his political statements. In relevance to this hypocrisy, Qatar’s foreign policy in general and its support of democratic transitions in the Arab region in specific serves its ambitions to secure itself from threats, maintain its status quo of an independent state and take a leadership role in the region. Political Emancipation and the Saudi Threat: Al Thani family ruled Qatar for more than 150 years. Qatar attained its independence in 1971, when the British-mandate came to an end and after its refusal to join the United Arab Emirates federation. Since that date until the 1990s, Saudi Arabia acted as the de facto protector of Qatar. Consequently, the Emir took policy directions from Al Saud. However, this relationship witnessed a change in the early 1990s as tensions in bilateral relations between the two countries began to arise. After the invasion of Kuwait and Sadam’s threat to attack the Suadi kingdom, Saudi quickly reached out to western coalitions in aim of protection. As Suadi presented itself as weak and unable to defend itself, the Qataris began to doubt Saudi’s ability to protect the Qatari entity and decided to pursue a strong alliance with the US. Therefore, between 1990-1992, Qatar signed a military agreement with the United States to host its military base in Al-Odead. In response, Saudi worked to block Qatar’s pipeline exports of gas to United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman. As a result, tensions between the two countries intensified. Later, in 30 September 1992, Saudi attacked the Qatari boarders leaving three soldiers dead (2012). However, the clashes did not stop there. In1995, Shiekh Hamad Al Thani, the Crown Prince back then, seized power after a bloodless coup d’etat against his father. Of course, Saudi Arabia did not welcome the coup d’etat because of Hamad’s known strong motives to maintain his country’s autonomy. Instead, Saudi financially supported another coup against the current Emir. Then, Qatar detained a number of Saudi and Qatari citizens who cooperated with the Saudi government to bring the ousted prince back into power. These tensions led the Saudi-Qatar relations into a deep freeze until rapprochement happened in 2008 (2012). Since then, Shiekh Hamad Al Thani led the modernization process to create a brand name of Qatar. In its foreign policy, Qatar adopted diplomacy as a foreign policy tool that allows it to take on the mediator role in a number of regional disputes. In addition to its diplomatic activism and small size, the Qatari wealth that is invested in mediation efforts paves the way for Qatar to be a head in the political game today. A Theoretical approach on Qatar’s Mediation: The tribal nature of the Qatari society and the hierarchal system of the government lends the leadership absolute power to form the country’s economic-political agenda and foreign policy. The major two agents that determine the political strategies of Qatar’s foreign policy are its national security and its desire to establish a brand name for itself. Hence, the main key element of Qatar’s foreign policy is mediation, which is apparently is not a new political tool as the â€Å"early Al-Thanis were forced to become experts negotiators quickly in anarchic corner of the Middle East (Roberts). According to Jacob Bercovitch in his book, Studies in International Mediation, countries engage in mediation for various reasons that include â€Å"(a) a genuine desire to change the course of a long-standing conflict to promote peace, (b) a desire to gain access to major political leaders and open channels of communication, (c), a desire to spread one’s ideas and enhance standing and professional status, (d) the wish to preserve intact structure of which they are part, (e) viewing mediation as a way of extending and enhancing their own influence and gaining some value from the conflict (Roberts). Therefore, from this perspective, Qatar’s employs mediation for the enhancement of its professional status and the acquirement of power. From here, Qatar mediated a number of disputes in the region including the Hezbollah dispute with the Lebanese government, the rebellion disputes with the Northern Sudanese government and the Huothis dispute with the Yemeni government. Moreover, Participation in mediations between states is of great advantage to Qatar. Internationally, it promotes a peaceful image as a peacekeeping state in an attempt to gain worldwide respect (Roberts). Peterson argues in his work, Qatar and the World, â€Å"The fundamental advantage, however, is that it assures the legitimacy of the micro state. This in turn leads to the single most important factor: increased awareness of and legitimacy accruing to Qatar- in domestic and external terms- enhances the prospects of the states’ survival†(Roberts). Qatar neutral position and its small size makes non-threatening to other state to except negotiation with compare to Saudi which has interests in regional conflict, which leads political parties to refuse its negotiation, e. . Saudi support of the government in Yemen and rivalry with Hezbollah. On the other hand, Qatar established diplomatic relations with almost everyone. Qatar’s Foreign affairs minister, Shiekh Hamad bin Jasem Al Thani, in an interview on Al –Jazeera, was asked by Ahmed Manosur, Al Jazeera presenter, â€Å"I just want to understand one thing! In Qatar you have relations with the devils and the angels, with the Iranians and the Americans, with the Israelis and Hamas, he continued, how can we understand this policy? (Mansour, 2012). Today, Qatar unlike other state in the region, calls Tehran in the morning and Tel Aviv in the afternoon â€Å"(Roberts). It was the first state in the gulf to host trade office of Israel, established good relations with Hamas, opened communications with Hezbollah, the Emir of Qatar was the first to invite Ahmadinejad to attend the 28th Gulf Cooperation council summit in 2007. While other Arab states alienated Islamists, Qatar was in good terms with Arab oppositions, particularly Islamic groups. For example, Yusuf Al Qaradawi is an influential Islamic leader, resident of Qatar since 1960s is the main guest who taken the Qatari citizenship is Al Jazeera chief religious show. Also, other Arab political dissidents were welcomed and took Qatari citizenship such as Mohammed Hamed Al Hamari from Saudi Arabia who organized Youth Role in Change in the Arabic Gulf; young activists from across the gulf attended the conference (Al Qassemi, 2012). Al Jazeera as foreign Policy tool Part of â€Å"Brand Qatar† project, is to spread ideas and enhance Qatar’s status. The establishment of Al-Jazeera in 1996 came to serve that goal. Al Jazeera is an important tool of Qatar foreign policy, with its slogan the â€Å" The Opinion and the other Opinion† and the channel shameless criticisms to Arab leaders and programs on democracy and political rights. Al Jazeera soon gained the respect of Arab public compare to other media alternatives that are state sponsored (Khtib, 2013). The channel broadcasted the revolutions across the Arab spring countries – except the appraisals in Bahrain . The spread of revolutions were feared by Arab states, yet Qatar seemed to support the revolutions through Al Jazeera. That is said to be reason that inspired the youth in Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen to rebel against their governments and demand freedom and dignity. Nevertheless, The channel neutrality was under question, during the Egyptian elections, Al Jazeera hosted members of MB like Khirat Al Shater, and Moahhmed Mosri. Sultan Al Qassimi, a, wrote about Al Jazeera’s Arabic love ffaires with MB, he discussed some of his observations, that Muslim Brotherhood supports were given the chance to express their views on through the channel while critics towards Muslim Brotherhood were barely heard in the channel (Al Qassemi, 2012). Recently, Waddah Khanfar the director – general of Al Jazeera was replaced with Shiekh Ahmed bin Jasem Al Thani, who holds degree in petroleum (Al Qassemi, 2012). This suggests that Al Jazeea is becoming less free to represents Qatar’s government preferences and its support to Muslim brotherhood. Apparently, Qatar calculations towards the Arab spring were opposite to its neighbors who supported Mubarak regime. It saw an opportunity to ally itself with revolutions to promote for its image as â€Å"Pro- Arab public † and play regional role in Arab-Arab relations despite the policy risks its taking incase these revolutions were not successful. Through Qatar’s Money, Al-Jazeera, regional mediations and international pressure, Doha was successful in making the Arab Spring an opportunity so that it plays valuable role and take a leadership role in the region. Qatar in the Arab Spring: Qatar natural position had to be changed when it realized that change will topple the former leaders to stay at the head of the game head of Saudi, After Mubarak’s fall, Qatar supported Muslim brotherhood in Egypt. Shiekh Hamad Al Thani, the foreign minster of Qatar state that his country won’t allow Egypt to go bankrupt, Doha transferred five billion dollars to Egypt to meet its financial obligations. In addition to the financial support, Al Jazeera members’ Muslim brotherhoods are regularly interviewed to spread their influence. Middle Ease Scholar, Alain Gresh calls Al Jazeera the mouthpiece of Muslim brotherhood (Khatib, 2013). Furthermore, Rashid Al Ghanushi of Al Nahdha party of Tunisia, stated in an interview with Al Arab newspaper that Qatar is a major partner of the Arab spring revolutions hence it’s also a partner in next period of democratic transition and development since it offers development projects to support the economy of the Arab spring states (2012). Qatar had to intervene in Libya and Syria to sustain its leading regional position. It was the first country to lead the international action against Gaddafi. Qatar supplied the rebels with total US$2billion. On the other hand, Qatar involved in arming Syrian rebels like the Free Syrian Army. Also, it was successful in unifying the Syrian opposition. The importance of Qatar involvement in the latter is to counter Iranian influence by allying with opposition while Assad regime is backed by Iran (Khatib, 2013). In contrast to this, Al Jazeera was silent towards the uprisings in Bahrian. Qatar has been selective in backing uprisings there. The reason behind that, is Saudi Arabia influence that views the situation as â€Å"Shi’a uprising â€Å" and regional rivalry with Iran, hence any intervention from Qatar’s side in Bahraini issue would result tensions (Roberts, 2012). In conclusion, Qatar had different view towards the Arab Spring compare to its neighbors. Its objective to play a valuable role in the region, made Doha change its position as neutral state and take foreign policy risks. Although the question of weather Qatar made the right policy decisions or not remains unanswered yet. However, Doha succeeded in playing regional role a head of regional power like Saudi and influenced the Arab countries to take collective action towards Libya and Syria. In addition, Qatar foreign policy faces challenges; among these challenges is the reliance on money donations to support Post Arab Spring countries that would hinder progress in Qatari diplomacy. On the other hand, the lack of democracy and rule of law domestically puts Qatar legitimacy to promote for democracy under question. Moreover, making policy changes internally such as guarantee of political and civil rights to citizens hold parliamentary elections and protection freedom of speech will give Qatar legitimacy and enhance its image in international community.

Peter Osbornes Analysis of Modernity

Peter Osbornes Analysis of Modernity Give an account of the specific characteristics of ‘modern time’ as outlined by Peter Osborne. The term modernity has become deeply contested in the last quarter of a century. The emergence of deconstruction as a hermeneutic tool of analysis inclined sociologists, historians and philosophers to prefer the concept of post-modernity as a designation of the present. Peter Osborne believes that there is little evidence that could plausibly justify this shift in terminology. He sets out to inquire into the philosophical dimensions of the term modernity and maintains that, once modernity is understood in its theoretical and conceptual complexity, the post-modern fails to display the necessary differentiating criteria that would make it a notion in its own right. At the heart of his investigation thus lies to reveal the inconsistencies in other thinker’s philosophical interpretation of modernity. The first chapter focuses on two interpretations in particular: Marshall Berman’s account of modernity and Perry Anderson’s critique of it.[1] Three aspect takes centre stage in Osborne’s analysis of modernity: modernity as a category of historical periodisation (1), modernity as a quality of social experience (2), and modernity as a project (3).[2] His thesis is that neither Marxism, as it animates Berman’s account of modernity, nor Anderson’s critique captures the peculiar characteristics of modernity as a concept of temporality. The essay will briefly recapitulate Osborne’s rendering of Anderson and Berman’s interpretation and then outline the semantic shifts that led to the conceptual ambiguity of the idea of modernity. Osborne notes first of all the more mundane characteristics of modernity. Philosophers and ordinary people alike would identify the notion of modernity with a ‘distinct span of time’ that is ‘identifiable’ and suggests a particular form of periodisation.[3] This specific type of periodisation however already gives rise to some unsettling conceptual questions, amongst others what modernity in essence actually represents: a concept for understanding the present, or a form of social experience. He notes that modernity is suffused with different forms of time-consciousness and that the temporality of periodisation lies at the heart of the sociological discipline insofar it allows sociologists to engage in cross-temporal comparisons. In fact it is sociology that benefited most from the transformations in the notion of temporality which are somehow reflected in the notion of modernity. Osborne captures the basic dilemma of how to comprehend change in society throu gh the lens of temporal structures: ‘†¦The problematic character of these assumptions (on the nature of the present) comes into view as soon as the issue of change within the present is raised otherwise than as an extrapolation of developmental tendencies built into the relationship between pre-given structural social types†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[4] This problem marks the potential and limitations of sociological inquiry. Modernity is constant change within the present, but we can only understand it through the emergence and transformation of social structures. This may permit us to compare societies across the times but it feeds upon an obscure notion of modernity as an unproblematic form of temporality. What we loose through this sociological kaleidoscope of analysis is the certainty that the historical process is radically open. Osborne contends that Marxism as well as Postmodernism attempt to rectify this problem and that both fail to succeed. Let us now turn to his critique of Marxism first. Osborne credits Marxism with a novel view of historical time. In a way, Marxism reconciles plausibly the concepts of change and temporality while preserving a notion of modernity as something distinctively different to all previous ages. At the core of Marxian analysis lies the modes of production, a starting point that is reminiscent of the sociological view. Osborne points however to the crucial difference between the two by noting that Marxism achieves the visionary fusion of constant change and modern times only at the expense of a historical determinism that undermines any sensible concept of history as an open and uncertain path. In this sense, Marxism fails even more than the sociological view of modernity to attune to the philosophical consequences of the dual characteristics of temporality in modernity: that is denotes a form of time-consciousness and at the same time functions as a periodising category that has inscribed in itself various types of temporality. Berman’s answer to this problem that pervades Marxism as a historical analysis of societal change is, according to Osborne, to replace the historical project of communism with the notion of a radically open future. Osborne remarks caustically that such an act of simple replacement lacks any justification.[5] Anderson’s critique of Berman then provides Osborne with a valuable counter-perspective. The crux of Anderson’s argument is that Berman’s account of modernity fails to acknowledge the differentiated forms of temporal experience that are implicit in modernism as a series of movements.[6] Osborne immediately points to the problem that such a critique would necessarily involve two different usages of modernity. On one hand, Anderson would argue from the perspective of modernity as a designation of a historical phenomenon, whereas on the other hand, he would need to use modernity as a category for the analysis of historical processes. This conceptual discrepancy however invalidates, so Osborne thinks, the potency of his critical remarks.[7] What neither Berman nor Anderson consider is the dual nature of modernity as historical reality and as a concept capable of creating a ‘coherent whole’ through its periodising thrust.[8] He concludes that philosophers must recognise the nature of the ‘reflexivity of the historical experience’. He writes: ‘For there is something decidedly new about modernity as a category of historical periodisation: namely, that unlike other forms of epochal periodisation †¦, it is defined solely in terms of temporal determinants†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.[9] The key to reconciling these different aspects of modernity is what Kosselleck would term a Begriffsgeschichte, a history of the concept. Mapping the semantic change that the concept of modernity undergoes can provide us with clues as to its complex philosophical conditions. So while neither Anderson nor Berman consider the ‘logic of modernity as a category of historical periodisation’ they fail to comprehend that modernity is not a chronological category (Adorno).[10] Kosselleck’s interpretation of the emergence of the term Neue Zeit (new time) hints, so Osborne believes, at the structure of temporality that characterises modernity in contradistinction to other forms of temporality in pre-modern times. The critical intervention occurred with the claim of the Enlightenment that the new times were marked by recognition of autonomous reason. Modernity thus acquired a sense of something qualitatively new. It provided for the first time in history a ‘conceptual space for abstract temporality of qualitative newness’.[11] While modernity could now be understood as a form of social experience, it also was seen as something that happened and continues to happen. While the latter was hinted at already in the process of the accumulation of capital as conceptualised in Marx’s critique of capitalism, the former aspect of modernity now unfolded into two dimensions: firstly, the experience of contemporaneity, and secondly, the experience of ‘register[ing] this contemporaneity in terms of a qualitatively new, self-transcending temporality.’[12] Osborne notes that this ‘†¦is achieved through the abstraction of the logical structure of the process of change from its concrete historical determinants – an abstraction which parallels that at work in the development of money as a store of value.’[13] This would now complete Osborne’s alternative interpretation of the relationship between temporality and modernity. As he summarily remarks: ‘Modernity is permanent transition. Modernity has no fixed, objective referent.’[14] In a critical addendum he analyses Habermas and Foucault’s notion of modernity and concludes that both fail to distance themselves from the project of constructing improbable ‘universal histories with cosmopolitan intent’.[15] Modernity as Osborne outlines it in his critical review of various thinkers is inexorably tied in with the notion of progress that falsely allows the ‘projection of people’s present as other people’s future.’[16] He thus closes the circle in returning to the fallacy of the sociological account of modernity, one that has exaggerates universalising discourses of progress. Consequently, the idea of decline has no purchasing power in these philosophically erroneous notions of modernity. Bibliography Peter Osborne. The Politics of Time. Modernity and Avant-Garde. London and New York: Verso 1995 Perry Anderson. Modernity and Revolution, in A Zone of Engagement, London and New York: Verso 1992 ____. The Notion of Bourgeois Revolution, in English Questions, London and New York: Verso 1992 Marshall Berman. All that is Solid melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. London and New York, 1983 1 Footnotes [1] Marshall Berman. All that is Solid melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. London and New York, 1983; Perry Anderson. Modernity and Revolution, in A Zone of Engagement, London and New York: Verso 1992; Perry Anderson. The Notion of Bourgeois Revolution, in English Questions, London and New York: Verso 1992; Peter Osborne. The Politics of Time. Modernity and Avant-Garde. London and New York: Verso 1995 [2] Osborne, Politics, p.5. [3] Osborne, Politics, p.1. [4] Osborne, Politics, p.2. [5] Osborne, Politics, p5. [6] Osborne, Politics, p.7. [7] Osborne, Politics, p.7. [8] Osborne, Politics, p.6 and passim. [9] Osborne, Politics, p.8. [10] Osborne, Politics, p.8. [11] Osborne, Politics, p.11. [12] Osborne, Politics, p.14. [13] Osborne, Politics, p.14. [14] Osborne, Politics, p.14. [15] Osborne, Politics, p.16. [16] Osborne, Politics, p.17.

American Dream in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald :: essays research papers

Essential Question: What is the American Dream? America is the land with the most dreamers. America is the land of opportunity and equality. In America your dreams can be fulfilled if you work hard to achieve your goals. The American dream to most is, to be wealthy and to be able to afford anything. Wealth is a plus in life because you can afford expensive items that do not necessarily have a use, but it does not necessarily matter how hard you try or how much you spend you can not buy happiness. Although being wealthy can make you seem happy on the outside, on the inside you would not be as happy as you seem. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author shows how being wealthy will not make you happy. Many people have voiced their opinions of the America dream. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author tries to show you that wealthiness is a luxury not the American dream. And as I sat there, brooding on the old unknown world, I thought of Gatsby?s wonder when he first picked out that green light at the end of Daisy?s dock. He had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dreams must have seemed so close that he can hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. (Fitzgerald) To put in simpler terms sometimes your American dream can be so close that you can taste it but it is not close enough to bite it. F. Scott Fitzgerald portrayed his view of the American dream through a character named Jay Gatsby. In the novel Jay Gatsby?s American dream was to get an old girlfriend back by showing off his wealth, but all he got was a bullet that killed him. In the novel he also states that everyone has an American dream and sometimes surpasses it in the process of grasping it. Gatsby It is believed that every person has a dream to accomplish in life but only those who believe can achieve them. ?No man e`er was glorious who was not laborious. Wealth is not his that has it, but his that enjoys it? (Franklin). Franklin believed that you can only spoil yourself if you can afford to.

Advertising business aspects :: Free Essay Writer

Advertising business aspects Advertising business aspects? Not in this world. How can advertising be ethical when we live in a society that says sex sells? The less you have on the better the ad is. Then we also live in a time that still portrays most minorities in stereotypical roles. Most minorities are still seen as second-class citizens in some advertisements. I think until advertisements depict women and minorities in a better way, advertising will never be ethical. Women are seen as insurance to an advertiser to sell their product. Many advertisements that are targeted to men use partial or complete female nudity, sexual suggestiveness, and innuendo (Sex stereotyping in advertising 103). In other words these ads imply that the female in the advertisement is the man reward for him buying the product. For example there is a corona (beer) commercial out now. The first thing you see in the commercial is two women walking on a beach in tiny bikinis. Then after that you see a couple holding hands finally the corona bottle appears. Women are not only used for men advertising, female models that are half naked are used to sell women products also. Victoria Secrets commercials and ads would fall under this category. Although the product is clearly for women, according to Berger the advertiser is still trying to draw a male audience. Advertisers believe that men and women prefer to see female bodies in advertisement. Public Service Announcement is usually thought of as informative. Public service announcements are ad that tries to bring awareness about certain issues such as cigarettes. But there are some public service announcements that can send mixed messages out to the public. In one public service announcement there is an ad with this tall, thin and attractive women. In the poster she is smoking a cigarette, but she also have one of her hand on her butt and the other right under her breast. Then under the picture in bold letters it states, â€Å"AN UGLY BUTT CAN RUIN A GREAT BODY.† The word butt could mean to different things in this sentence. So what was meant to be a health issue has just changed to a health or sex issue. The cigarette looks as if it is adding to her sexual appeal instead of demeaning it. Now the message that cigarettes are harmful to body has gotten lost. Advertising cannot be ethical when we are not sure about the message of a cigarette public service announcement.

The Charater of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The Charater of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird During the first half of To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee constructs a sweet and affectionate portrait of rowing up in the world of small town Alabama. Harper Lee, however, continues on to dig underneath the portrayal of small town courtesy in the second half of the book. None of the characters in the book are perfect. This begins to show through in the second half of the book when the facade is removed to reveal the ugliness of Maycomb and the people living there. Through these tough times though, one character manages to keep his cool. Atticus Finch, through all the struggles and pressure, stands strong as a very positive father figure, making sure to instill in his children three very specific values: education, bravery, and acceptance. At the beginning of the book it becomes clear why Atticus thinks education is so important, as he and Scout read before bed each night. During his closing arguments in Tom Robinson's case Atticus clearly acknowledges the ignorance blinding people's minds and hearts: "the witnesses for the state...have presented themselves to you gentlemen...in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the...evil assumption...that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, and assumption one associates with minds of their caliber" (217). Education is the key to unlocking the ignorance that causes such prejudice. Because of Atticus' example Jem begins to this lesson toward the end of the book, when he wonders if family education could be based more on education than on bloodiness. Jem also learns important lessons from his father regarding bravery. Early in the book we learn that Atticus does not approve of guns. He believes that guns do not make men brave and that children's fascination with guns is questionable. To prove his point, he sends Jem to read for Mrs. Dubose who struggles to beat her morphine addiction before she dies. He wants to show is son that one shows true bravery "when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (121).

Cheating and Sportsmanship

Cheating and Sportsmanship HPE essay-BY Elliott Biggs Just like everything in life, sports too are governed by rules, customs and even competition. Sports are a way through which we are able to connect with our past and have good feelings about the future. Sports acts as a way of bonding people despite their age, gender and race differences. Sports today, instead of bonding people and teaching them discipline and teamwork is causing them to cheat. And athletes have a reason to cheat now with all the fame, drugs and endorsements available to gain from.Cheating in sports is certainly not something new; it has been taking place ever since sports and sporting competitions were first introduced. 2000 years before Mike Tyson bit a piece of Evander Holyfield’s ear and due to it faced disqualification in the boxing match, a boxer from Thessaly, Eupolus’s had bribed 3 of his opponents to take dives in the Olympics of 388 BC (Los Angeles Times). Eupolus’s cheating is consi dered to have been the first cheating act to have been committed in sports. Everyone wants to win and wants an easy way to do it.The way people cheat in sports has become various and diversified over the years but I will discuss only three. Performance enhancing drugs, performance enhancing equipment and blood doping. First, Performance enhancing drugs. The use of enhancement â€Å"substances† for sporting events dates back to the ancient Greeks and ancient Maya. Performance potions where utilized by the Greeks to increase their abilities, and cocoa leaves where thought to be used by the ancient Maya to increase their abilities.Today, athletes will go to many lengths to increase athletic ability, including: steroids, HGH, Amphetamines, and even animal or human organs just as the Greeks did in their time. Most young athletes will tell you that the competitive drive to win can be very intense. Besides the satisfaction of personal gain, young athletes often pursue dreams of maki ng it to the Olympics or a place on a professional team. This competitive environment, created by our culture, has led to a more common use of steroids and other performance-enhancing agents in sports.For a growing number of athletes, winning at all costs includes taking anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. Some may appear to achieve physical gains from such drugs, but at what cost? The truth is that long-term effects of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs haven't been painstakingly studied. And short-term benefits are flawed with many potential side-effects and consequences such as loss of medals, eligibility and even death. Billie Holiday said â€Å"Dope never helped anybody sing better or play music better or do anything better.All dope can do for you is kill you – and kill you the long, slow, hard way. † It isn’t worth it. People can die because of these things but they will do anything to win. The use of performance enhancing equipment has many limitations and boundaries. For example, i believe that if you have to use such equipment then it is alright. E. g. Oscar pistorius. Pistorius has below the knee amputations on both legs that have been fitted with Flex-Foot Cheetah carbon fiber transtibial prostheses. He has no choice; if he wants to achieve his goal as an athlete he must use this equipment.Some say that this puts him at an advantage, but i disagree. If they make them just long enough to give the same amount of spring as the human legs. But, if the competitors are to use equipment unnecessarily, it would be unfair. E. g. a corked bat is a specially modified baseball bat that has been filled with cork or other lighter, less dense substances to make the bat lighter without losing much power. A lighter bat gives a hitter a quicker swing and may improve the hitter's timing. One thing that might make this fair would be if every competitor used the same equipment.But that would not solve anything, would that not just put them back where they started. This is unfair on other competitors because it gives the athlete an unfair advantage by making them more aerodynamic, faster, leap further or maybe even swim faster by eliminating water resistance. What is the point of athletes using suits anyway, in the end it all still comes down to raw talent anyway. Say swimmer a’s time is 27. 6 secs and swimmer b’s time is 28. 4 secs. They wear the suit which takes of 0. 01 of a second. And swimmer a’s time becomes 27. 59 and swimmer b’s becomes 28. 39.Swimmer a still wins anyway. Blood doping. The process of blood doping, also called blood boosting or blood packing, involves illicitly increasing the number of red blood cells throughout one’s body. In terms of anatomy red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles. With more oxygen being carried to the muscles during rigorous activity, the longer the muscles will perform without building up lactic ac id. Once lactic acid builds up within the bloodstream it restricts the flow of oxygen to working muscles therefore producing fatigue. In essence with more red blood cells more oxygen can be arried to working muscles, therefore increasing endurance and reducing fatigue. For this very reason blood doping has become a favourite practice of some elite endurance athletes due to the fact that it gives them improved aerobic capacity. It allows them to perform rigorous activity, such as cross country skiing, cycling, as well as running at a higher level for a longer period of time. As you can imagine that would give an athlete a significant advantage. A new-Mexico study showed that EPO use can shave up to 69 seconds off of a world-class 10,000 meter time.In any world class event such as track and field, a 69 second deficit is the difference between being considered the worlds-finest to just another middle runner. This is what inspires athletes to dope. But is it fair? No it is not. I have d iscussed in this essay three types of cheating in sports and their advantages. I have successfully answered the question, is cheating in sports ethical. Cheating in sports has been around for many hundreds of years and no-one will ever change the fact that people will cheat and find a way to win any way possible.

Motivation in workplace Essay

want is the drive that baffles us do things this is a result of our individual request cosmos met so that we atomic number 18 galvanised to complete the task. Depending on how prompt we argon, may further harness the effort we put into our expire and peradventure increase divulgeput and the quality of that output. just about muckle ar motivated by a high prosecute or salary provided former(a)s look for cheer from righteousness or a trading well done. Businesses rely on their round being efficient, both in the criterion and quality of output. If employees are non sufficiently motivated to meet these criteria, the personalised line of credit has a problem.A learning published in 1966 by Fredrick Herzberg, after he had inter cycloramaed a number of quite a little from different professions, capturek to find out two things* Those factors that motivated mess in the utilisation force factors that resulted in railway line satisfaction and further change magnitude their efficiency* Those factors that prevented agate line dissatisfaction these factors did non make employees happy further removed sadness from work. Such factors, Herzberg referred to as hygiene factors those that if not snug would reduce employee efficiency.Although whatsoever factors were make to f only(a) into both categories, broadly speaking, Herzberg identified, Achievement, Recognition. The temper of p paltry, and Responsibility as motivators, and How the Business was Run, Supervision, Work Conditions, and Pay as hygiene factors. hotshot striking finding in the study was that factors associated with encouraging motivation, obtain little union with money, but are associated with person-to-person victimization and exertion. This is not to say that increasing manufacture doesnt remove patronage dissatisfaction it does, but only in the short term. flow communications, a communications agency establish in London and employing 56 cater, was voted by employees, the number one company, in the sunshine Times 100 Best gauzy Companies to Work For, 2012. Over 500 companies entered this arguing and were judged according to a number of pre-determined criteria, assessed by the answers to 70 questions. glance achieved go along tons in 36 of the questions.I do believe if you look after your people and you are a consultancy, you are difference entrance prominent results as you are smell after your scoop up addition, says Rachel Bell, the chief executive of shining. Bell, who was voted Best Leader, says she wants faculty to derive their full potential and is unceasingly asking provide for advice. Ten per cent of illuminations annual take in is re-invested into tuition, and each member of staff has a personal victimization fund which arsehole be used, for example, on breeding or conquering a fear.Lawrence Colling, the joint managing coach, has worked at scintillation for 10 years and has never felt the need to work elsewhere the fact that it has grown five generation oer, only results in to a greater point(prenominal) than raise clients. There is a flexible goods outline which bunghole include membership of Tate sophisticated or raising money for charity, and this acts as an incentive to do well. Flexible functional is encouraged, with the head of social media working(a)s donationly from his home in France.Questions1 At effulgence Recruitment the joint managing theatre director had been at the company for 10 years. explicate one disadvantage of staff working at a house for a long period of time.2 lying-in employee turnover rate at Shine is 12 per cent per annum. Explain two advantages of low push turnover for the steadfast.3 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs suggests that all workers have basic needs such as obtaining food and drink, which have to be fulfil before otherwise needs mountain be considered.Does Maslows view lean to suggest that Herzbergs theory is flawed?4 From the information disposed(p) in the case study, and using your own intelligence of Herzberg, analyse two reasons why the take of job dissatisfaction at Shine may be low.5 The name Shine was chosen from a quote in Nelson Mandellas inaugural presidential speak And as we let our own descend show we unconsciously give other people permission to do the very(prenominal).What aspects of Herzbergs motivators peck you recognise from this ism?6 Assess the values of Shine Communication re-investing 10 per cent of its net income backwards into the handicraft organisation through gentility.ANSWERS1 It is all important(predicate) for a championship to have a colonised workforce in tramp for a skinny, calm working purlieu to prevail. It is clear that staff at Shine are happy in their work, but if the workforce is comparatively young and overambitious the staff turnover is always issue to occur. A disadvantage of this is that workers who add hold dear to a company may be lost.However in that location are probably to be problems if staff stay as well as long. They may become stale and drop innovative minds. They may settle for the condition quo, the easy life, and sections of the company may wishing dynamism because of this. Personal relationships can be a problem and freshening up of a workforce is often good.2 campaign turnover the number of people sledding a business in a period of time (usually a year) expressed as a percentage of the jibe workforce. A 12 per cent labour turnover at Shine actor that 5 or 6 people leave each year and, in a relatively newfound, onwards looking business, this should be regarded as relatively low, and mayhap about the right take.Having a settled workforce has a number of advantages. The readying and experience gained can be channelled much effectively into a steadfastly with workforce stability, more(prenominal) soft than with one with a high labour turnover. Employees get to recognise how othe rs work, and indeed think, so much so that there testament be slight(prenominal)(prenominal) indecision over choices to be made. If a member of staff is not present, a settled staff can cleanse up the work more easily. If employees are happy then productivity is more homogeneously to increase as there is less friction in the work rig. thusly it can be argued that a unbendable with a low labour turnover is a happy staff, otherwise more staff would leave. Shine invests heavily in training. This is not wasted if employees stay with the firm for a reasonable length of time.3. Abraham Maslows study originated in the 1950s and is electrostatic has appeal for businesses as it has clarity. There would be little argument that everyone needs to encounter physiological needs such as enough in a wage packet to even off the bills, and employers are conscious of this and in the main heed to it. Maslows theory is based on a power structure with each conquestive level needing to be achie ved before an individual can progress on to the next level. over again the second level of safety would count to find most employers agreeing.After all, workers essential feel safe in the working environment and would like security in their job. It is when the theory moves on to the higher levels of warmth and belonging, jimmy needs and self-actualisation that more dissension occurs. There is a problem as to when a particular level is satisfy some rewards appear to cover more than one level money can bring status and that would be the esteem level. almost levels exit never be attained by some workers.Nevertheless, like many baby- nonpluss, Maslow gives us a model for comparison, a measure to assess workers against. If needs are satisfied workers are more probably to be motivated. Herzberg has similarities to Maslow as he in any case attempted to find out what motivated people and indeed the similarities are also found in other areas. Herzbergs findings, that people are m otivated by action and recognition sit fairly comfortably with Maslows top level of self-actualisation and to a certain extent esteem needs.Where Maslow and Herzberg seem to differ is their billet to pay/money. Herzberg does not see pay as a motivator, only as a hygiene factor which prevents dissatisfaction. Maslow states that employees cannot pander higher levels until they have their basic needs satiated and feel safe. perchance the views are not so disparate. This is a personal view, but it should be noted that Herzbergs studies were concentrated on very special(prenominal) groups engineers and accountants. Most within these two groups would be well qualified and well paid. Perhaps they had already achieved the lower levels of Maslows hierarchy and therefore were looking for something more inalienable to satisfy their need for motivation.What perhaps is safest to stop is that different things motivate different people. Some will be money motivated, others less so. Some wi ll seek quilt and motivation in a job well done whilst others can easily divorce themselves from their job it is a kernel to an end.4 Herzbergs motivators were Achievement, Recognition, the nature of work and Responsibility rather than mere pecuniary matters. The chief executive of Shine wants employees to reach their full potential. This fits neatly into the achievement and responsibility motivators of Herzberg. Rachel Bell (chief executive) is always seeking the views of staff and if those views are acted upon dissatisfaction in the work place would be relatively low.Employees appear to be well trained and if that equates to being good at your job you will be more confident, will look forward to coming into work and will be satisfied with your role. Couple this with the fact that the firm is growing then there will be more opportunity for achievement and recognition at work and less reason to be dissatisfied with how the business is run, supervision and work conditions. Combine these with the relatively low rate of labour turnover and it tempting to suggest that job dissatisfaction at Shine is low.5. The chief executive of Shine communication theory is clear that the people in the business are its best asset. The firm attempts, through its flexible benefits scheme, it flexible working initiatives and its vigorous attitude to training to get the best from its employees. The philosophy underpinning the name Shine is to let employees use their own strengths to the benefit of the company which in turn, it hopes, will remind others to do the same.Herzberg believed Responsibility to be a key part of his motivational strategy. This also allies closely to the idea of job enrichment where employees who are given greater degrees of personal responsibility in their job will be enriched by it.Shine Communications has grown five times over since its start up and its joint managing director Lawrence Colling believes this results in more exciting clients. This view ca n be aligned to Herzbergs motivators of achievement and recognition. The fact that the employees voted the company the best small business to work for gives an blurb to the nature of the work and again to the achievement felt in working for this winning firm.Whilst the ideas of personal development funds and a flexible benefits scheme do not neatly fall into Herzbergs idea of motivators they will help prevent dissatisfaction in the workplace. Herzberg is clear that the hygiene factors that need to be in place in shape to allow the motivators to function. Employees appear to be satisfied with how the business is run and this helps prevention dissatisfaction in the workplace.6. Training can be provided in a number of ways. On-the-job training is particularly beneficial for new staff who can be shown how certain aspects of the job are done whilst actually playing those tasks, under supervision. Off the-job training is provided in a separate environment, such as a college or special ist work site and the training may be carried out by outside organisations. knowledgeableness training is generally provided over a short period of time when new employees are taken on by a firm. It helps new staff to see what is expected of them in a more general way.Shine Communications ploughs 10 per cent of profits back into the business through training. It clearly believes this to be a worthwhile investment. All employees are given training and some staff may use part of their personal development fund for additional training. Communications is a fast changing world and firms and their employees need to keep up-to-date on the up-to-the-minute developments, particularly in electronic communications. force play communication is a skill not always addressed in business and one in which some people adapt more readily to than others. some(prenominal) of these types of training will be of great importance to Shine.Theory would suggest that training is costly that it can be disrup tive, and that some employees do not want it as it takes them out of their comfort zone. Not all training providers are good. Not all training is relevant, yet as most businesses provide training as part of an ongoing programme it may be safe to assume that is valuable.At Shine there appears to be a correlational statistics between the amount of training provided and the success of the business. This is not to say that good training will make a business successful, more that the chances of success are intensify and that the removal of training is more likely to hinder the progress of the firm than benefit it. It could be argued that the ten per cent of profits set aside for training could be invested back into the business in some other way but after a firm has paid out dividends to its shareholders it would be wise in invest in a number of areas, of which training would be high on the agenda.